Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment India

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

Diabetes Retinopathy is the damage to the retina caused by diabetes. It is a microangiopathy affecting the retinal blood vessels. The main features of diabetic retinopathy are micro vascular (small blood vessel) occlusion and leakage. As a result of this, there is reduced blood supply to the retina. Due to leaking blood vessels, hemorrhages and fluid accumulation in the retina can occur. This initial stage is also called as Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR).

Advanced Stage of Diabetic Retinopathy

As a result of reduced blood supply to the eye because of diabetes the eye will start forming its own new blood vessels Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR), which are fragile hence they can rupture and bleed any time which lead to sudden drop in vision. This is known as Vitreous Hemorrhage. Sometimes in more severe forms traction on retina can develop that can lead to retinal detachment. This requires treatment in the form of laser to the eye or surgery or both. The treatment is to stabilize the patient's vision and prevent further progression of visual loss.

Diabetic Maculopathy

Diabetic Maculopathy is the commonest cause of visual loss in diabetic patients.
Fluid accumulation leads to swelling in the macula which is the area concerned with vision. It may be focal, diffuse or ischemic. Focal-focal leakage from the microaneurysms leads to localized swelling. Diffuse-diffuse leakage leads to swelling throughout the posterior pole. Ischemic in this type the blood supply to the macula decreases and this leads to poor vision.

Investigative Procedures in Diabetic Retinopathy

Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are the two investigative procedures which may be done before the treatment plan for Diabetic Retinopathy.

• Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA)

This is a diagnostic procedure wherein fluorescein dye is injected into a vein of the hand and then photographs of the patient's retina are taken serially. This gives us a picture of the passage of the dye through the microvasculature of the eye. This helps us to know the status of the blood vessels in retina and reveals blockage, excess leakage of the dye in case of abnormal new blood vessels. It also helps us to know whether the patient needs laser photocoagulation or not.

• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an optical signal acquisition and processing method allowing extremely high-quality, micrometer-resolution, three-dimensional images from within optical scattering media (e.g., biological tissue) to be obtained. In contrast to other optical methods, OCT, an interferometric technique typically employing near-infrared light, is able to penetrate significantly deeper into the scattering medium.’

Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy

‘It is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease which affects up to 80% of all patients who have had diabetes for 10 years or more. Despite these intimidating statistics, research indicates that at least 90% of these new cases could be reduced if there was proper and vigilant treatment and monitoring of the eyes.’ (Source: Wikipedia) Every patient once diagnosed to have diabetes should undergo regular eye check ups every 6 months. Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy is usually in the form of laser and rarely an injection is given in the eye. The laser treatment requires 1- 3 sittings.

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Refractive Errors and Lasik Eye Surgery

Refractive Errors: Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism

Clear vision in the normal eye is due to the light rays falling on the eye and passing through the cornea, pupil and lens and focusing the image on the retina. An error in the focusing of light by the eye is called as Refractive Error. If the optical power of the eye is too large, light produces image focus in front of the retina and this is called as Myopia (Short-sightedness). If the optical power of the eye is too small, light produces image focus behind the retina and this is called Hyperopia (Long-sightedness). When the cornea is shaped like the back of a spoon, light gets focused on more than one point and a blurred image is formed on the retina and this is known as Astigmatism (Cylindrical Error) and is often associated with short sight or long sight.

Treatment Options for Refractive Errors

There are different types of temporary and permanent treatment options for Refractive Errors. They are:

Temporary Options

• Spectacles

This is the most common temporary solution to correct refractive errors because of easy maintenance and low cost. The drawbacks of spectacles are obvious. They interfere with activities and change a person's appearance. Additionally, spectacles also reduce the peripheral vision.

• Contact Lenses

Contact lenses are a popular alternative to spectacles. They provide excellent peripheral vision and permit a wider range of activities than spectacles.
Contact lenses do not change a person's appearance. Problems with contact lenses include their recurrent costs, maintenance hassles and possibility of infection and intolerance due to sensitivities.

Permanent Options

There are various surgical options available for the permanent correction of these refractive errors. Your physician must choose the best treatment for your specific disorder. The person who wants to undergo a permanent treatment should be above 18 years and should have a stable spectacle power for over a year. S/he should not be suffering from other eye disorders like cataract, glaucoma, retinal disorders etc.
S/he should stop wearing soft contact lenses for 1 week & semi-soft contact lenses for at least 2 weeks prior to the procedure or measurements. Following are the permanent surgical treatments available for Refractive Errors:

Lasik (Laser in Situ Keratomileusis)

In Lasik, the corneal surface is reshaped using a laser beam. It corrects vision by altering refractive power of the eye by a calculated change in the corneal curvature. The image of the outside world is now focused sharply on the retina.

Wavefront Lasik or Customized Lasik

Wavefront Lasik or Customized Lasik is the result of a quantum leap in technology of sight restoration and enhancement. This Wavefront Guided Lasik is a giant step after conventional Lasik. Optical aberrations (imperfections) inherent in the eye may adversely affect the visual acuity and the optical performance of the eye. Conventional Lasik can only correct the spectacle power & not these subtle optical aberrations. With Wavefront Guided Lasik, it is now possible to reduce these aberrations and enhance vision much above the normal levels. Custom Vue (VISx star S4 from AMO) is the procedure available for customized Lasik.

Benefits of Lasik/Customized Lasik

• Simple to perform

• Predictable

• Stable

• Brief recovery time

• Minimal discomfort

• Minimal post-op care

• Low enhancement rate

• Very low infection rate

• Very low risk of scarring

The results with Lasik Eye Surgery are very stable and correction lasts for lifetime. In high powers, some residual power may remain or a slight regression may happen over a period of time. The chance of vision reducing complication is less than 1% and no sight threatening problems (loss of vision) are recorded. Some side effects like night glare rarely occur in very high powers. There is also a small possibility of regression especially in high powers. Infection is a remote possibility with every surgical procedure.

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What is Cataract?

The human crystalline lens, which is clear and transparent, is part of the focusing mechanism of the eye. With age, the lens becomes cloudy and opaque, thereby hampering normal vision. Any opacity in the crystalline lens, which leads to decreased vision, is cataract.


The early cataractous lens bends light irregularly, so the images formed are blurred and unclear. When opaque, the cataract may cut off light nearly in total, causing blindness (reversible).

What causes Cataract?

Aging is the most common cause. With age, proteins of the eye lens get altered and opacified leading to cataract. Other causes include congenital and developmental anomalies, trauma, inflammation of the eye, metabolic diseases like Diabetes, Hypothyroidism etc.

What are the common symptoms of Cataract?

Cataract makes simple tasks difficult and in some cases impossible to perform.

Some of the common symptoms of Cataract are:

• Cloudy or blurred vision

• Changes in one’s perception of colours

• Sensitivity to bright lamps or sunlight

• Poor night vision

• Difficulty in driving especially at night

• Frequent changes in eye glass prescription

Cataract should be removed as soon as it begins to affect daily activities. With any of the above mentioned symptoms setting in, it is the right time to go for Cataract removal. One should not wait for the cataract to get matured as unnecessary delay can lead to avoidable complications and more difficult surgery. Cataract Eye Surgery can be undertaken successfully in any season. Summer or rainy seasons have absolutely no effect on the outcome of the cataract surgery.

Cataract Eye Surgery

The crystalline lens is the main part of the focusing mechanism of human eye. The lens which is clear and transparent becomes cloudy and opaque with age and thereby hampering normal vision. Any opacity in the crystalline lens, which leads to decreased vision, is Cataract.

Aging is the most common cause for Cataract. Proteins of the eye get reduced with the age and this leads to Cataract. Other causes include congenital and developmental anomalies, trauma, inflammation of the eye and metabolic diseases like Diabetes and Hypothyroidism. Cataract makes simple tasks difficult and in some cases impossible to perform. In the early stage of Cataract the lens refracts light irregularly, so the images formed are blurred and unclear. In the chronic stage cataract may cut off light nearly in total, causing blindness.

Surgery is the only course of treatment for cataract. There are two options available for cataract surgery:

1. Conventional Cataract Surgery or Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction
2. Microincision Cataract Surgery (Phacoemulsification)

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